Arthur Schopenhauer was a renowned German philosopher noted for his pessimistic philosophy and influential work, The World as Will and Representation.
Max Stirner was a 19th-century German philosopher known for his radical individualism and critique of religion and nationalism.
Erich Fromm was a German-American social psychologist and philosopher who significantly impacted the fields of humanistic psychology and psychoanalysis, advocating for individual freedom and societal change.
Paul Tillich was a German-American Protestant theologian and philosopher known for his existentialist approach to Christianity and his influential works in 20th-century theology.
Simone Weil was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist, whose profound writings on social justice, spirituality, and labor rights continue to inspire.
Edmond Jabes was a French poet and philosopher whose works, heavily influenced by Jewish mysticism, explored themes of exile and identity in the modern world.