Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer and polymath.
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a pioneering Russian rocket scientist and cosmonautics theorist, shaping future space exploration.
Antonie Pannekoek was a Dutch astronomer and socialist theorist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the cosmos and the development of Marxist thought.
Alhazen was a pioneering Arab scientist, mathematician, and astronomer, renowned for his groundbreaking work in optics and the scientific method.