John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.
Pierre de la Ramée was a French humanist, philosopher, and mathematician who pioneered the development of modern logic and critical thinking.
Juan Luis Vives was a Spanish Renaissance scholar, philosopher, and humanist who championed education reform and critical thinking in 16th-century Europe.
Girolamo Cardano was a Renaissance Italian mathematician, physician, and gambler who invented the Cardan grille and wrote seminal works on probability and algebra.
Giordano Bruno was an Italian philosopher, mathematician, and cosmologist whose revolutionary ideas about an infinite universe challenged the religious and scientific beliefs of his time.