Arthur Schopenhauer was a renowned German philosopher noted for his pessimistic philosophy and influential work, The World as Will and Representation.
Frederick Jackson Turner was an American historian known for his influential "Frontier Thesis," which shaped interpretations of American history and identity.
Vasily Klyuchevsky was a renowned Russian historian, whose works significantly contributed to the understanding of Russian history and culture.
Giovanni Pascoli was an Italian poet and scholar known for his innovative use of classical and vernacular languages in his literary works.