Galileo Galilei was an Italian astronomer, physicist and engineer and polymath.
Nicolaus Copernicus was a Renaissance polymath, active as a mathematician, astronomer, and Catholic canon.
Isaac Newton was an English polymath, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author.
Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music
Konstantin Tsiolkovsky was a pioneering Russian rocket scientist and cosmonautics theorist, shaping future space exploration.
Gersonides was a 14th-century Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and astrology.
Antonie Pannekoek was a Dutch astronomer and socialist theorist who made significant contributions to the understanding of the cosmos and the development of Marxist thought.
Christopher Clavius was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who helped develop the Gregorian calendar and mapped the stars with precision.
Democritus was an ancient Greek philosopher, known as the "father of modern science" for his groundbreaking ideas on atomism and the nature of reality.
Abraham Zacuto was a Spanish astronomer, historian, and rabbi whose innovative astronomical works greatly impacted navigation during the Age of Discovery.
Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.
Alhazen was a pioneering Arab scientist, mathematician, and astronomer, renowned for his groundbreaking work in optics and the scientific method.
Rudolf II was a Holy Roman Emperor and Habsburg ruler, known for his patronage of the arts and sciences, as well as his eccentric and reclusive nature.
Zhang Heng was a renowned Chinese polymath, scientist, astronomer, and inventor, who made significant contributions to fields such as seismology, cartography, and astronomy.
Archytas was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, known for his contributions to the development of mathematics and the invention of the screw pump.
Eudoxus was an ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer, credited with developing the method of exhaustion, a precursor to calculus, and advancing the study of planetary motion.
Hicetas was an ancient Greek philosopher and mathematician, known for his contributions to astronomy and the development of early theories on the Earth's rotation.