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Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who co-developed calculus and shaped modern philosophy with his rationalist ideas.

Baruch Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher who developed a comprehensive metaphysical system, blending rationalism and mysticism.

Girolamo Cardano was a Renaissance Italian mathematician, physician, and gambler who invented the Cardan grille and wrote seminal works on probability and algebra.

Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of the 17th century whose groundbreaking ideas on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics continue to influence modern philosophy.

Elizabeth Carter was an eminent 18th-century English poet, classical scholar, and translator, known for her influential works and contributions to literature.

Linnaeus was a renowned Swedish botanist, zoologist, and taxonomist who formalized the modern system of naming organisms.