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Queen Victoria was the longest-reigning monarch in British history, heralding an era of progress and luxurious refinement in the 19th century.

Henry VIII was a transformative English monarch, famed for his six marriages, reign over radical religious change and split with the Catholic Church.

Peter the Great was a transformative Russian Tsar who revolutionized his countrys military, government, and culture in the 17th century.

Nicholas II was the last Russian Tsar, a symbol of imperial collapse leading to the Russian Revolution in 1917.

Ivan the Terrible was a potent czar of Russia, known for transforming it into a multiethnic empire with his ruthless reign.

Franz Ferdinand was the Archduke of Austria-Este whose assassination ignited the catastrophic events of World War I.

Louis XIV was a prolific French monarch who reigned for a prominent 72 years, cultivating an era of unparalleled absolutist rule and grandeur.

King John of England was an unpopular and ineffective ruler whose reign led to the signing of the Magna Carta, a significant milestone in the history of democracy.

Sigismund III Vasa, a 16th-century king of Poland and Sweden, was instrumental in expanding Polish territory and moving the capital to Warsaw.

Archduke Charles was a prominent Austrian military leader and statesman, noted for his defensive strategies and victories over Napoleon's forces during the Napoleonic Wars.

Louis II of Naples was a 15th-century ruler who fought against the Angevin dynasty and played a significant role in the history of the Kingdom of Naples.

Philip the Bold was a 14th-century French nobleman and military leader, known for his courage and strategic prowess, who played a significant role in shaping the future of Burgundy.

Catherine de' Medici was a powerful and influential Queen of France, mother of three kings, and patron of the arts who shaped Renaissance politics and culture.

Edward I, also known as Edward Longshanks, was a formidable English monarch who reigned from 1272 to 1307, known for his military conquests and legal reforms.

Edward II, son of Edward I, was the English king who reigned from 1307 to 1327, remembered for his tumultuous rule and military failures.

Henry IV was the King of England from 1399 to 1413, notable for his usurpation of the throne from his cousin Richard II and his successful consolidation of power.

Henry V was a formidable English king and military leader, known for his victory at the Battle of Agincourt and unifying the nation.

Gustav II Adolf was a Swedish king whose military genius and modernizing reforms shaped the nation's Golden Age.

Rudolf I was a Habsburg ruler and the first Habsburg elected as Holy Roman Emperor, laying the foundation for the Habsburg Monarchy's future dominance.

Emperor Henry III was an English monarch who ruled during the 13th century, known for his extensive building projects and struggles with barons.

Emperor Louis IV was a Holy Roman Emperor and King of France who significantly influenced European politics and culture during the 14th century.