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Francesco Petrarca was a pioneering Italian scholar, famed as the Renaissances first poet laureate and the father of Humanism.

Søren Kierkegaard was a Danish philosopher and theologian who profoundly influenced existentialism and modern psychology.

Edmund Husserl was a German philosopher regarded as the founder of phenomenology, a method of philosophical inquiry that emphasizes subjective experience.

Scotus Erigena was a 9th-century Irish philosopher and theologian, renowned for his innovative synthesis of Christian Neoplatonism.

José Ortega y Gasset was a Spanish philosopher, essayist, and cultural critic who profoundly influenced 20th-century European thought.