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Mahmud of Ghazni was a 10th-century Muslim ruler who led numerous raids into northern India, amassing a vast treasury and spreading Islamic influence.

Henry III was an English monarch who reigned from 1216 to 1272, known for his patronage of the arts and architecture, and his struggles with barons over the royal charter.

Malik Shah was a powerful Seljuk sultan who expanded his empire's territories and influenced the political landscape of the Middle East during the 12th century.

Otto I was a Holy Roman Emperor and the founder of the Ottonian dynasty, whose reign marked the beginning of a period of German dominance in Central Europe.