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William of Ockham was a medieval philosopher and theologian known for his principle of parsimony, or "Occam's Razor," which emphasizes simplicity and skepticism in problem-solving.

Gersonides was a 14th-century Jewish philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer who made significant contributions to the fields of optics and astrology.

Moses ibn Ezra was a renowned Spanish Jewish poet, philosopher, and linguist, known for his extensive contributions to Hebrew poetry and literary criticism.

Scotus Erigena was a 9th-century Irish philosopher and theologian, renowned for his innovative synthesis of Christian Neoplatonism.

Eriugena was an influential Irish philosopher and theologian of the early Middle Ages, known for his unique synthesis of Christian and Neoplatonic thought.

John the Scot, also known as Eriugena, was an influential Irish philosopher and theologian who played a pivotal role in the Carolingian Renaissance.

Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.

Ibn Rushd was a prominent Islamic philosopher, jurist, and physician from Andalusia, whose works greatly influenced Western philosophy and medieval Europe.

Imam Ibn Sina was a renowned Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician, celebrated for his profound contributions to medicine and philosophy.