Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers.
Arthur Schopenhauer was a renowned German philosopher noted for his pessimistic philosophy and influential work, The World as Will and Representation.
German philosopher
William of Ockham was a medieval philosopher and theologian known for his principle of parsimony, or "Occam's Razor," which emphasizes simplicity and skepticism in problem-solving.
Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who co-developed calculus and shaped modern philosophy with his rationalist ideas.
Baruch Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher who developed a comprehensive metaphysical system, blending rationalism and mysticism.
Nicholas Rescher is a distinguished philosopher, prolific author, and former university president known for his contributions to the fields of logic, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Susan Haack is a renowned philosopher and logician, whose groundbreaking work in the philosophy of science, logic, and language has significantly impacted contemporary thought.
Hilary Putnam was an American philosopher and mathematician, renowned for his work in philosophy of mind, philosophy of language, and philosophy of science.
Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of the 17th century whose groundbreaking ideas on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics continue to influence modern philosophy.
Peter Geach was a renowned British philosopher and logician, known for his extensive contributions to the fields of linguistics, philosophy of language, and logic.
G.E. Moore was an influential British philosopher known for his contributions to ethics, metaphysics, and epistemology.
Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.
Archytas was a Greek philosopher, mathematician, and astronomer, known for his contributions to the development of mathematics and the invention of the screw pump.