Johannes Kepler was a German astronomer, mathematician, astrologer, natural philosopher and writer on music
Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who co-developed calculus and shaped modern philosophy with his rationalist ideas.
Baruch Spinoza was a 17th-century Dutch philosopher who developed a comprehensive metaphysical system, blending rationalism and mysticism.
Girolamo Cardano was a Renaissance Italian mathematician, physician, and gambler who invented the Cardan grille and wrote seminal works on probability and algebra.
Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.