Friedrich Engels was a German philosopher, historian, and social scientist who co-founded Marxism with Karl Marx, shaping the course of modern socialism.
Otto Kirchheimer was a German-American political scientist and legal scholar known for his contributions to the study of authoritarian regimes and the rule of law.
Max Weber was a German sociologist and political economist who significantly influenced modern social theory and developed the concept of bureaucracy.
Leo Lowenthal was a German-American sociologist and critical theorist who significantly contributed to the study of mass culture and its effects on society.
Pierre Bourdieu was a French sociologist and philosopher who critically analyzed power structures, cultural reproduction, and social class, profoundly influencing social theory.
Michel Foucault was a French philosopher and historian whose groundbreaking work on power, knowledge, and social institutions profoundly influenced modern thought.
Stuart Hall was a Jamaican-British cultural theorist who significantly influenced British cultural studies, sociology, and media theory.
Qian Mu was a renowned Chinese historian, philosopher, and educator, whose works significantly influenced modern Chinese historiography.
Raul Hilberg was a distinguished historian and educator, renowned for his groundbreaking work on the Holocaust and the study of genocide.
Richard R. Wright Sr. was an African American educator, entrepreneur, and advocate for minority education, who founded the first African American-owned bank in the United States.
Enrico Ferri was an Italian criminologist, anthropologist, and progressive socialist who significantly influenced the field of criminal anthropology.
Frederick Jackson Turner was an American historian known for his influential "Frontier Thesis," which shaped interpretations of American history and identity.
Charles A. Beard was an influential American historian, political scientist, and educator, renowned for his critical analysis of the U.S. Constitution.
Cheikh Anta Diop was a Senegalese historian, anthropologist, and physicist, renowned for his groundbreaking work in African history and culture.
Edward Sapir was an American anthropologist and linguist, renowned for his pioneering work in the study of Native American languages and the development of the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis.
B.F. Skinner was an American psychologist and leading proponent of behaviorism, whose groundbreaking work in operant conditioning revolutionized the field of psychology.