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Pope Francis is the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

Martin Luther was a German monk, theologian and central figure in the Protestant Reformation.

John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Athanasius the Great was a Christian theologian and the 20th pope of Alexandria.

Isaac Newton was an English polymath, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author.

John Hick was a British philosopher and theologian known for his significant contributions to religious pluralism and comparative theology.

Paul Tillich was a German-American Protestant theologian and philosopher known for his existentialist approach to Christianity and his influential works in 20th-century theology.

William of Ockham was a medieval philosopher and theologian known for his principle of parsimony, or "Occam's Razor," which emphasizes simplicity and skepticism in problem-solving.

John Knox was a Scottish clergyman, theologian, and writer who led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland and shaped the country's religious identity.

Philipp Melanchthon was a German theologian, reformer, and scholar who played a pivotal role in shaping the Lutheran Reformation alongside Martin Luther.

William Tyndale was a pioneering English scholar and translator who produced the first English Bible, defying Catholic Church authority.

Pierre de la Ramée was a French humanist, philosopher, and mathematician who pioneered the development of modern logic and critical thinking.

John Milton was a renowned English epic poet, best known for his masterpiece "Paradise Lost", which shaped the literary landscape of the 17th century.

Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who co-developed calculus and shaped modern philosophy with his rationalist ideas.

Christopher Clavius was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who helped develop the Gregorian calendar and mapped the stars with precision.

A.J. Heschel was a prominent Jewish philosopher and theologian who profoundly impacted modern Jewish thought and spirituality.

Simone Weil was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist, whose profound writings on social justice, spirituality, and labor rights continue to inspire.

Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of the 17th century whose groundbreaking ideas on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics continue to influence modern philosophy.

John G. Paton was a Scottish missionary and ethnologist who dedicated his life to spreading Christianity and preserving the culture of the South Sea Islanders.

Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.

Saint Paul was an influential Christian missionary and theologian whose teachings significantly shaped the development of early Christianity.

George Fox was an English mystic and religious leader who founded the Religious Society of Friends, also known as Quakers.

Charles Taze Russell was a prominent religious leader and founder of the Bible Student movement, which later evolved into Jehovah's Witnesses.

Mary Baker Eddy was an American religious leader who founded the Church of Christ, Scientist, and authored the influential book Science and Health with Key to the Scriptures.

Charles Wesley was an influential English leader of the Methodist movement, hymn writer, and younger brother of John Wesley.

John Nelson Darby, an Irish Anglican clergyman, was a prominent leader in the Plymouth Brethren movement, known for his influential biblical teachings and dispensationalist theology.

John Amos Comenius, the Father of Modern Education, was a Czech philosopher, educator, and theologian who revolutionized teaching methods and curriculum design.

Jalaluddin Suyuti was a renowned Islamic scholar, historian, and jurist who made significant contributions to the fields of Qur'anic exegesis, hadith, and Islamic law.

Saint Macarius the Great was an influential Egyptian monk, theologian, and spiritual leader of the 4th century, known for his asceticism and profound teachings on Christian mysticism.

William Langland was an English poet known for his influential work, Piers Plowman, which critiqued the social and religious issues of 14th-century England.