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Pope Francis is the head of the Catholic Church and sovereign of the Vatican City State.

Martin Luther was a German monk, theologian and central figure in the Protestant Reformation.

John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor and reformer in Geneva during the Protestant Reformation.

Athanasius the Great was a Christian theologian and the 20th pope of Alexandria.

Isaac Newton was an English polymath, physicist, astronomer, alchemist, theologian, and author.

John Hick was a British philosopher and theologian known for his significant contributions to religious pluralism and comparative theology.

Paul Tillich was a German-American Protestant theologian and philosopher known for his existentialist approach to Christianity and his influential works in 20th-century theology.

William of Ockham was a medieval philosopher and theologian known for his principle of parsimony, or "Occam's Razor," which emphasizes simplicity and skepticism in problem-solving.

John Knox was a Scottish clergyman, theologian, and writer who led the Protestant Reformation in Scotland and shaped the country's religious identity.

Philipp Melanchthon was a German theologian, reformer, and scholar who played a pivotal role in shaping the Lutheran Reformation alongside Martin Luther.

William Tyndale was a pioneering English scholar and translator who produced the first English Bible, defying Catholic Church authority.

Pierre de la Ramée was a French humanist, philosopher, and mathematician who pioneered the development of modern logic and critical thinking.

John Milton was a renowned English epic poet, best known for his masterpiece "Paradise Lost", which shaped the literary landscape of the 17th century.

Gottfried Leibniz was a German philosopher and mathematician who co-developed calculus and shaped modern philosophy with his rationalist ideas.

Christopher Clavius was a German Jesuit mathematician and astronomer who helped develop the Gregorian calendar and mapped the stars with precision.

A.J. Heschel was a prominent Jewish philosopher and theologian who profoundly impacted modern Jewish thought and spirituality.

Simone Weil was a French philosopher, mystic, and political activist, whose profound writings on social justice, spirituality, and labor rights continue to inspire.

Spinoza was a Dutch philosopher of the 17th century whose groundbreaking ideas on metaphysics, epistemology, and ethics continue to influence modern philosophy.

John G. Paton was a Scottish missionary and ethnologist who dedicated his life to spreading Christianity and preserving the culture of the South Sea Islanders.

Ibn Sina, also known as Avicenna, was a Persian polymath, philosopher, and physician whose extensive works laid foundations in various fields, including medicine, philosophy, and logic.